Bladder Cancer

How Is Bladder Cancer Treated and Prevented?

European Association of Urology: TURBT

Cancer Research UK: TURBT overview

NHS Guidelines For Treatment

Bladder Cancer UK guidelines Download

NICE guidelines for Bladder cance Download

Treatment for low-risk non-muscular invasive bladder cancer

Mechanism Action Of Topoisomerase II inhibitor

Treatment for intermediate-risk non-muscular invasive bladder cancer

Treatment for high-risk non-muscular invasive bladder cancer

Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy (Small incision for the removal to take place)

BCG Common Questions HCA Healthcare UK: World-Class Private Healthcare

Treatment of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC)

Cisplatin mode of action (McSweeney *et al.*, 2021)

Types of lymph nodes and vessels surrounding the pelvis

Nodes, nerves, and blood vessels around the bladder.

Differentiating between the reproductive systems.

Top Doctors UK: An expert guide: Treating bladder cancer with radiotherapy

Treatment For Recurrent Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Fulguration

Distant Metastases Of People With Bladder Cancer

Structure of the nephron including the glomerulus

ECOG Criteria (Action To Cure Kidney Cancer, 2026)

Radiotherapy for Distant Metastases

Other Alternative Treatment Options For Bladder Cancer Metastasis

The arteries and veins present in the renal system

Before and after embolisation of the bladder (Hekimoglu, Ergun and Hekimoglu, 2023)

An alternative image to present bladder irrigation

Another angle presenting the Helmstein Balloon Compression

Nephrostomy

The nephroscope inside the renal pelvis of the kidney

Nerve Blocks

Muscles surrounding the obturator nerve.

Stent Drainage

The presence of the double J stent in the renale system

An alternative image presenting the Double J stent

Scan of the kidney system being stented to drain

Follow Up

Distinguishing the differences between metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

How Is Bladder Cancer Prevented?

Recent Advances In Bladder Cancer Treatment

Top Doctors UK: Advances in the treatment of bladder cancer.

References

Action to Cure Kidney Cancer (2026) ECOG Status. Available at: https://www.ackc.org/jayedit/resources/ecog-status-2/ (Accessed: 20^th January 2026)

Apolo, A.B., Ballman, K.V., Guru Sonpavde, Berg, S., Kim, W.Y., Parikh, R., Min Yuen Teo, Sweis, R.F., Geynisman, D.M., Grivas, P., Gurkamal Chatta, Zachery Roger Reichert, Kim, J.W., Mehmet Asim Bilen, McGregor, B., Singh, P., Tripathi, A., Cole, S., Simon, N. and Niglio, S. (2025). Adjuvant Pembrolizumab versus Observation in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine. Doi: HTTPs://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2401726.

Bowie, K. (2025). Bladder cancer: ‘Breakthrough’ treatment that doubles survival rates is approved for NHS patients. BMJ, 390, p.r1786. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1786.

British Institute of Radiology (2017) Hypofractionated radiotherapy. Available at: https://www.bir.org.uk/media-centre/position-statements-and-responses/hypofractionated-radiotherapy/ (Accessed: 13^th January 2025)

Cambridge University Hospitals (2026) Cystoscopy and evacuation of blood clots from the bladder. Available at: https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/cystoscopy-and-evacuation-of-blood-clots-from-the-bladder/ (Accessed: 20^th January 2026)

Cassidy, J., Bissett, D., Spene, R., and Payne, M. (2010). Oxford Handbook of Oncology. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Drugbank (2026) Gemcitabine. Available at: https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00441 Accessed: 12^th January 2025

ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group (2025) ECOG Performance Status Scale Available at: https://ecog-acrin.org/resources/ecog-performance-status/ (Accessed: 13^th January 2026)

Hekimoglu, A., Ergun, O. and Hekimoglu, B. (2023). Selective Transarterial Embolization for Intractable Hematuria Due to Bladder Carcinomas: A Single-Center Experience. Urology Research & Practice, 49(5), pp.334–337. doi:https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2023.22224.

McSweeney, K.R., Gadanec, L.K., Qaradakhi, T., Ali, B.A., Zulli, A. and Apostolopoulos, V. (2021). Mechanisms of Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Pathological Mechanisms, Pharmacological Interventions, and Genetic Mitigations. Cancers, 13(7), p.1572. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13071572.

Mowatt, G., Zhu, S., Kilonzo, M., Boachie, C., Fraser, C., Griffiths, T., N’Dow, J., Nabi, G., Cook, J. and Vale, L. (2010). Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of photodynamic diagnosis and urine biomarkers (FISH, ImmunoCyt, NMP22) and cytology for the detection and follow-up of bladder cancer. Health Technology Assessment, 14(4). doi:https://doi.org/10.3310/hta14040.

National Health Service (2016) Guidelines for the Management of Bladder Cancer. Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/mids-east/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2018/05/guidelines-for-the-management-of-bladder-cancer.pdf (Accessed: 11^th January 2026)

National Institute of Care and Excellence (2021) Bladder cancer: diagnosis and management. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng2/evidence/full-guideline-pdf-3744109 (Accessed: 11^th January 2026)

Oddens, J., Brausi, M., Sylvester, R., Bono, A., van de Beek, C., van Andel, G., Gontero, P., Hoeltl, W., Turkeri, L., Marreaud, S., Collette, S. and Oosterlinck, W. (2013). Final results of an EORTC-GU cancers group randomized study of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guérin in intermediate- and high-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder: one-third dose versus full dose and 1 year versus 3 years of maintenance. European Urology, [online] 63(3), pp.462–472. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.10.039.

Puente, J., Rodríguez-Vida, A., Sevillano, E., Estévez, S.V., Fernández, C.Á., Chirivella, I., Climent, M.Á., Fernández, O., de Liaño, A.G. and Valderrama, B.P. (2025). SEOM–SOGUG clinical guideline for urothelial cancer (2025). Clinical and Translational Oncology, [online] 27(11), pp.4142–4159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-025-04045-2.

Rahane, S. and Verma, N. (2024). Efficacy and Safety of Obturator Nerve Block in Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus. doi: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.65859.

Robertson, J. (2025) Major step forward as bladder cancer treatment approved in England Available at: https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/news/major-step-forward-as-bladder-cancer-treatment-approved-in-england (Accessed: 8^th January 2026)

Seladi-Schulman, J. (2023) Fulguration of the Bladder: What to Expect. Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health/bladder-cancer/fulguration-of-bladder/ (Accessed: 20^th January 2026)

Sylvester, R.J., Oosterlinck, W., Holmang, S., Sydes, M.R., Birtle, A., Gudjonsson, S., De Nunzio, C., Okamura, K., Kaasinen, E., Solsona, E., Ali-El-Dein, B., Tatar, C.A., Inman, B.A., N’Dow, J., Oddens, J.R. and Babjuk, M. (2016). Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials Comparing a Single Immediate Instillation of Chemotherapy After Transurethral Resection with Transurethral Resection Alone in Patients with Stage pTa-pT1 Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Which Patients Benefit from the Instillation? European urology, [online] 69(2), pp.231–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.05.050.

Taha, D.-E., Shokeir, A.A. and Aboumarzouk, O.A. (2018). Selective embolisation for intractable bladder haemorrhages: A systematic review of the literature. Arab Journal of Urology, 16(2), pp.197–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2018.01.004.

Updated January 2026 Next Review May 2028