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Bone Cancer

Bone Production

The Main Types Of Cells Involved In Bone Production

The structure of some of the cells involved in bone formation.
The cycle of bone homeostasis

Bone Marrow Maturation

Bone marrow is where the blood cells and platelets are made.

At birth, red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) is where blood cells are formed.

Later during growth, the limbs are replaced by yellow fat bone marrow.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

A sample of the bone marrow can be removed using an aspiration needle (STUNT) or a trephine biopsy.

This can help in the detection of many types of cancers, including blood cancers like myeloma, where they are observed under a microscope.

A presentation of a sample taken from the bone marrow.
Another presentation of a bone marrow biopsy is taking place.
Bone Marrow Trephine biopsy sample. To increase visualisation of cells. Haemoxylin and eosin staining was performed. There are sheets of blasts. Hypercellular marrow with lots of immature mononuclear cells (lymphoid precursor cells) with one or more nucleoli. There is granulomatous inflammation, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and plasma cells. X200 magnification.

Bone formation (Ossification)

The steps involved in endochondral Ossification
The steps involved in intramembranous ossification

Supporting Image Resources

Endochondral Ossification
Types of fontanelle
Superior view of the infant’s skull
Steps involved in intramembranous ossification

Recommended Reading on Ossification

https://teachmephysiology.com/histology/tissue-structure/bones/bone-ossification

Overview of OssificationDownload

Blood supply in the compact bones during growth

The blood system of the bone

The Blood Supply In Long Bones

(Cowan, Launico, and Kahai, 2024)

The arteries of the bone
The blood vessels of the bone
Alternative illustration of the blood system in the bone

The Nerve Supply In The Periosteum

They contain pain fibres

How do messages go to the central nervous system?

The nerves in the bone and periosteum sense pain and regulate blood flow. They are important to regenerate bone after fracture (Cowan, Launico and Kahai, 2024).

Supporting Image Resources

The blood system and nerves in the bone
Types of nerves (sensory and motor neurones)
Relay neurone
Neurons are structurally different to adapt to their function and location
An insight into how the dorsal root ganglion connects with the spinal cord
How the three types of neurons connect in the spinal cord
An alternative illustration of how the neural pathway reaches the spine

Osteocyte Remodelling

Did you know astronauts on long space travel develop weaker bones over time?

The key steps in the bone remodelling process

Signalling pathways in bone breakdown and resorption (release of calcium)

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells with a nucleus.

A nucleus is an organelle that contains genetic information to control the cell.

During bone resorption, osteoclasts form the Howship lacunae.

Howship lacunae are small depressions or cavities on the bone surface.

A microscopic image of the Howship lacunae. They are opaque and spindle-shaped structures
Cell signalling pathway involved in bone breakdown

Other factors that support the breakdown of old bone tissue (bone matrix

The role of enzymes and hormones in breaking down bone (Cowan, Launico, and Kahai, 2024)
Signalling molecules involved in bone resorption
An alternative illustration that presents the signalling molecules involved in bone formation and resorption

Bone Growth Factors

A summary of factors that promote and halt bone growth
Cellular coordination involved in bone remodelling.

Additional Supporting Resources

Bone formation

Article on Bone-Derived Factors

bone-derived factorsDownload

References

Cowan, P., Launico, M. and Kahai, P. (2024) Anatomy, Bones. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537199/ (Accessed: 9th April 2026)

Cleveland Clinic (2024) Skeletal System (Musculoskeletal System). Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21048-skeletal-system (Accessed: 3rd April 2026)

Anatomy and Physiology Diploma notes

Updated July 2026 Next Review July 2028

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